Killer Joe Chord Progression & Harmonic Analysis | Niels Dalgaard

Benny Golson · 1959 · C major · AABA, 32 bars

Killer Joe — Chord Progression & Harmonic Analysis

Two major sevenths a whole tone apart, and the second belongs to no key that contains the first. It is modal interchange used as a groove: the ♭VII is borrowed and then simply repeated until it sounds native.

Modal interchange

Chord progression

Analyzed excerpt

Section: A1

Cmaj7 | Bbmaj7 | Cmaj7 | Bbmaj7

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The complete chord progression of Killer Joe is in JamShed

Harmonic analysis

Key
C major
Tonal center
C
Confidence
Low
Chords analysed
4

Read in C major, the key of the tune. Taken on its own, with nothing around it, this excerpt is just as easy to hear in B♭ major — a few bars are often not enough to fix a tonic, and that ambiguity is a real property of the music rather than a gap in the analysis.

ChordRoman numeralFunctionWhat it is doingConfidence
Cmaj7ITonicCmaj7 is the tonic of C. It is where the progression is at rest.High
Bbmaj7bVIIModal interchangeBbmaj7 is bVII: the flat seventh degree as a major chord, from Mixolydian or from the parallel minor.Low
Cmaj7ITonicCmaj7 is the tonic of C. It is where the progression is at rest.High
Bbmaj7bVIIModal interchangeBbmaj7 is bVII: the flat seventh degree as a major chord, from Mixolydian or from the parallel minor.Low

What the analyzer found in it

modal interchangeBbmaj7, Bbmaj7

Modal interchange: Bbmaj7, Bbmaj7 come from the parallel mode of C, not from the key itself.

High, medium and low next to each numeral are judgements about musical context, not probabilities. A low rating marks a bar that can honestly be read more than one way. How the ratings are decided →

The complete analysis of Killer Joe — every chord of the whole form, with its Roman numeral and its ii–V–Is marked on the chart — is in JamShed with the Practice Pass, ready to print. Open it in JamShed →

Why this example matters

In C major the excerpt reads I – bVII. Inside those 4 chords there is a chord borrowed from the parallel mode. Play it slowly and hold each chord until you can sing the note that wants to move. In a progression with no dominant, that note is what carries the phrase. The same device turns up in Blues for Alice, All Blues and So What, in other keys and at other tempos.

How the rest of Killer Joe goes

The main section alternates two dominant chords a whole tone apart, neither of which resolves — the harmony simply rocks between them for sixteen bars, which is closer to a vamp than to a chord progression. The bridge supplies conventional cadences. Because the two chords share so little, a soloist has to change material completely every two bars while the underlying feel stays identical, which is a specific and unusual demand.

Killer Joe on record

Benny Golson wrote it and it was recorded in 1959 by the Jazztet, the group he co-led with Art Farmer. It has an unusual status: sophisticated enough to hold a jazz audience and simple enough to have been used repeatedly in advertising and film, which has made it one of the more commercially durable compositions in the modern repertoire.

Analyze this progression

Take these bars into the analyzer and interfere with them. The fastest way to learn what a chord was doing is to remove it and read what the analysis says instead.

Open in Jazz Harmony Analyzer →

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